Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

left-hand sphere

  • 1 left-hand sphere

    мат. левосторонняя сфера

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > left-hand sphere

  • 2 left-hand sphere

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > left-hand sphere

  • 3 left-hand sphere

    мат.

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > left-hand sphere

  • 4 sphere

    1) поле [сфера] деятельности
    2) сфера, шар
    •

    mapping into a sphere — мат. отображение в сферу

    sphere with a handle — мат. сфера с ручкой

    sphere with a hole — мат. сфера с отверстием

    English-Russian scientific dictionary > sphere

  • 5 левосторонняя сфера

    мат. left-hand sphere

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > левосторонняя сфера

  • 6 turn

    1. I
    1) we all turned мы все повернулись [кругом]; he turned and went away in a rage он повернулся и в гневе пошел прочь; it is time for us to turn нам пора повернуть назад /пойти обратно/; he did not know which way /where/ то turn a) он не знал, куда повернуться; б) он не знал, к кому обратиться; the river turns and twists речка извивается /петляет/; the tide has turned начинается отлив или прилив; the wind is turning ветер меняется /меняет направление/; the weather has turned погода изменилась; I fear my luck will turn боюсь, мне изменит счастье /мне перестанет везти/
    2) the wheels turned колеса вертелись; the ball turns крутится шар; the merry-go-round turned карусель вертелась /вращалась/; this key is hard to turn этот ключ трудно повернуть; the tap won't turn кран не поворачивается
    3) my head is turning у меня кружится голова; heights always make his head turn высота всегда вызывает у него головокружение
    4) the leaves are beginning to turn листья начинают желтеть; her hair has begun to turn она начала седеть
    5) the milk has turned молоко прокисло
    6) the edge of the knife had turned лезвие ножа затупилось
    2. II
    1) turn in some manner turn abruptly (reluctantly, instinctively, wearily, insolently, etc.) резко и т.д. повернуть (ся) или свернуть; somewhere turn this way (that way, left, around, etc.) повернуть(ся) в эту сторону и т.д.; the main road turns sharp right шоссе круто уходит направо; turn homewards (west, etc.) направляться домой и т.д.; let's turn back давайте вернемся [назад]; she turned aside and began to sob она отвернулась и начала всхлипывать; turn round and let me see your face повернись и дай мне посмотреть тебе в лице; he turned round and round он все время поворачивался /крутился/; turn at tome time it is time to turn now теперь нам пора возвращаться /поворачивать назад/
    2) turn in some manner the boat (the car, the cart, etc.) turned over лодка и т.д. перевернулась; the aircraft struck the ground and turned over and over самолет врезался в землю и несколько раз перевернулся; turn head over heels перекувырнуться; the boat turned upside down лодка перевернулась /опрокинулась вверх дном/; my umbrella (my pocket, etc.) turned inside out у меня вывернулся зонтик и т.д.; the whole world turned topsy-turvy весь мир перевернулся, все в мире перевернулось
    3) turn in some manner the key (the handle, the tap, etc.) turns easily ключ и т.д. легко поворачивается
    4) turn in some manner the dancer turned quickly (awkwardly, gracefully. etc.) танцовщица быстро и т.д. кружилась
    5) turn in some manner the metal (the wood, this material, etc.) turns well (easily, quickly, etc.) этот металл и т.д. хорошо и т.д. поддается обточке
    3. III
    1) turn smb., smth. turn one's horse (one's car, the carriage, etc.) повернуть лошадь и т.д. обратно /назад/; she turned her steps она повернула назад; turn one's head обернуться, повернуть голову; turn the course of a river (the tide of events, etc.) изменить течение реки и т.д.; turn the conversation изменить тему разговора, повернуть беседу в другое русло; turn the corner а) поворачивать за угол; the саг turned the corner машина завернула за угол; б) выходить из затруднительного положения; once he has made up his mind, nothing will turn him если он что-нибудь решил, ничто не заставит его изменить своего решения
    2) turn smth. turn a page of a book (pancakes, an omelette, etc.) переворачивать страницу книги и т.д.; turn hay ворошить сено; turn soil пахать; turn a bed перетряхивать постель; turn a sheet отогнуть простыню; turn a garment (a dress, a suit, a coat, a cape, a collar, etc.) перелицовывать одежду и т.д.; turn a complete circle (a half-circle, 16 points, etc.) делать полный оборот и т.д.; turn a somersault делать сальто, кувыркаться || turn one's ankle вывихнуть /подвернуть/ ногу; turn smb.'s brain сводить кого-л. с ума; grief (overwork, etc.) has turned his brain от горя и т.д. он сошел с ума
    3) turn smth. turn a wheel вращать колесо; turn a handle крутить ручку; turn a key (the cap of a jar, the tap, the doorknob, etc.) поворачивать ключ и т.д.
    4) || turn smb.'s head вскружить кому-л. голову; success had not turned his head от успеха голова у него не закружилась; turn smb.'s stomach вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; the mere sight of food turns his stomach его воротит /мутит, тошнит/ от одного вида пищи; I'm afraid the rolling of the ship will turn my stomach боюсь, что качка на корабле вызовет у меня тошноту
    5) turn smb. turn an excellent husband (a soldier, a schoolmaster, a reporter, a poet, a Christian, etc.) стать [со временем] прекрасным мужем и т.д.; turn traitor (informer, etc.) стать предателем и т.д.
    6) || turn some colour стать какого-л. цвета, принять какую-л. окраску; turn all the colours of the rainbow окраситься во все цвета радуги; he turned colour он покраснел или побледнел
    7) turn smth. turn milk (cream) сквашивать молоко (сливки); heat has turned the milk от жары молоко скисло
    9) turn smth. turn a blow отводить удар; the metal is thick enough to turn a bullet металл достаточно прочен, чтобы пуля от него отскочила /его не пробила/
    10) turn smth. turn candlesticks (wooden vessels, brass, lead pipes, columns, etc.) вытачивать /обтачивать/ подсвечники и т.д.
    11) turn smth. turn an epigram (a couplet, a witty reply, etc.) сочинить эпиграмму и т.д.; turn a pretty compliment сделать тонкий комплимент; he has a knack for turning a phrase он очень ловко жонглирует словами; I don't know how he managed to turn the trick я не знаю, как ему удалось провернуть это дельце
    12) turn smth. turn the edge of a knife (the edge of an axe, etc.) затупить лезвие ножа и т.д.
    4. IV
    1) turn smth., smb. somewhere turn one's саг (the horse, the carriage, one's steps, etc.) back (homewards, northwards, etc.) повернуть машину и т.д. назад и т.д.; turn your eyes /your look/ this way посмотри сюда; turn smth. in some manner turn your chair so that the light is on your left поверните стул так, чтобы свет падал слева; turn the corner at full speed поворачивать за угол на полном ходу
    2) turn smth., smb. in some manner turn the pages of a book (of a magazine, etc.) thoughtlessly (absent-mindedly, idly, quickly, etc.) бездумно и т.д. переворачивать страницы книги /перелистывать книгу/ и т.Л; turn some old letters nostalgically с грустью перебирать старью письма; turn a patient (a body, etc,) easily легко перевернуть больного и т.д.; the doctor turned him over and looked at his back врач перевернул его и осмотрел его спину; turn the boy around, I want to sound him поверий мальчика, я его выслушаю; turn the handle three times (the tap one notch, etc.) повернуть ручку три раза и т.д.; turn one's pockets (a coat, one's glove, etc.) inside out выворачивать карманы и т.д. [наизнанку]; turn the boat (the pail, etc.) upside down опрокидывать лодку и т.д. вверх дном; don't turn this box upside down этот ящик нельзя кантовать; turn a room upside down перевернуть все в комнате вверх дном || turn one's ankle unexpectedly (suddenly, etc.) неожиданно и т.д. подвернуть ногу; I turned my ankle painfully я подвернул ногу и мне очень больно
    3) turn smth. in some manner you are turning my words around ты передергиваешь мои слова
    4) turn some age at some time she has not yet turned 40 ей еще нет сорока; his son just turned 4 его сыну как раз исполнилось четыре года; it has just turned two сейчас ровно два часа
    5) turn smth. somewhere turn aside a blow отвести удар
    6) turn smth. at some time I could turn a Latin verse in my day в свое время я писал стихи на латыни
    5. VI
    turn smth., smb. into some [other] state
    1) turn the light low уменьшить свет; the lamp low подвернуть лампу; fear turned him cowardly страх сделал его трусом; what turned the milk bad /sour/? от чего скисло молоко; his behaviour turns me sick от его поведения меня всего переворачивает
    2) turn a bird (prisoners, the animals, an arrow, etc.) loose выпустить птичку и т.д. на свободу; why don't you turn them free? почему ты не отпустишь их?
    3) turn the leaves red (yellow, etc.) окрашивать листья багрянцем и т.д.; the very thought turned me pale одна мысль об этом заставила меня побледнеть, я побледнел при одной мысли об этом; illness (worry, etc.) turned his hair white /grey/ он поседел от болезни и т.д.; the success of others turns him green with envy он зеленеет от зависти, когда слышит об успехах других
    6. XI
    1) be turned out of some place be turned out of the country (out of the house, etc.) быть высланным /водворенным/ из страны и т.д.; he was turned out of the hall for making too much noise его вывели /выгнали/ из зала за то, что он очень шумел; be turned from smth. he was turned from the door его прогнали от дверей
    2) be turned to for smth. this book may be turned to for accurate information (for answers, for clues, etc,) в этой книге можно найти точные сведения и т.д.
    3) be turned the dress (the suit, etc.) must be turned платье и т.д. надо перелицевать
    4) be turned by smth. be turned by steam приводиться в движение паром; be turned by gas вращаться при помощи газа; the mill wheel is being turned by water-power (by electricity, etc.) мельничное колесо приводится в движение /вращается/ силой воды и т.д.
    5) be turned (in)to smth. the drawing-room (the nursery, etc.) was turned into a study гостиная и т.д. была превращена в кабинет, из гостиной и т.д. сделали кабинет; his love was turned to hatred его любовь перешла в ненависть; it was formerly thought that common metals could be turned into gold раньше думали, что обычные металлы можно превратить в золото
    7. XII
    have smth. turned have one's coat (one's dress, etc.) turned отдать пальто и т.д. в перелицовку
    8. XIII
    turn to do smth. turn to look behind (to say smth., to pass the book to me, etc.) повернуться, чтобы посмотреть назад и т.д.
    9. XV
    turn into some state turn pale побледнеть: the leaves are beginning to turn yellow листья начинают желтеть; turn blue with cold посинеть от холода; turn green with envy позеленеть от зависти; her hair was said to have turned grey in one night говорили, что она поседела за одну ночь; this ink turns black on drying эти чернила становятся черными, когда высыхают; turn cold /colder/ холодать; the weather turned rainy (bad, stormy, etc.) погода стала дождливой и т.д.; whenever I come he turns sulky всегда, когда я прихожу, он начинает дуться; don't leave the milk on the table, it'll turn sour не оставляй молоко на столе, оно скиснет
    10. XVI
    1) turn to (off, towards, into, etc.) smth., smb. turn to the window (to the left, to the right, towards me, towards the sea, for home, etc.) повернуться к окну и т.Л; turn off the highway сворачивать с шоссе; the road turns to the north here здесь дорога уходит на север; the boat turned to windward лодка развернулась по ветру; he turned towards home он направился домой; turn into a wide road (into an alley, into the next street, etc.) свернуть на широкое шоссе и т.д.; they turned from the road into the woods они повернули с дороги в лес; turn at (in, on, etc.) smth. turn at the corner завернуть за угол, поворачивать на углу; turn in bed (in one's sleep, etc.) вертеться в постели и т.д.; the wheels won't turn in this mud в такой грязи колеса будут буксовать и не будут вращаться/; it's enough to make him turn in his grave он от этого в гробу перевернется; turn on one side while sleeping повернуться на бок во сне
    2) turn into smth. turn into a house (into the saloon at the corner, etc.) завернуть /заглянуть/ в дом и т.д.; turn into a town заехать в город
    3) turn to smth., smb. turn to the last page заглянуть на последнюю страницу; you'll find those figures if you turn to page 50 вы найдете эти цифры на странице/, если откроете страницу/ пятьдесят; my thoughts often turn to this subject мои мысли часто возвращаются к этой теме /к этому вопросу/; I shall now turn to another matter теперь я перейду к другому вопросу; I have no one to turn to мне не к кому обратиться; he is not the man you could turn to in these questions он не тот человек, к которому можно было бы обратиться с просьбой по таким вопросам; turn to smth., smb. for smth. turn to the dictionary for a word (to literature for reference, to a document for guidance, to his letter for consolation, etc.) обращаться к словари в поисках слова и т.Л; turn to his friend for help (to his mother for comfort, to his teacher for advice and guidance, to the police for protection, etc.) искать помощи у друга и т.д.; turn to the secretary for information (to his colleagues for support, etc.) обратиться к секретарю за справкой и т.д.; he turned to us for a loan он попросил нас дать ему взаймы денег
    4) turn to smth. turn to music (to the study of law, to medical practice, to journalism, to painting, to book-collecting, etc.) заняться музыкой и т.д.; turn to one's work приниматься /браться/ за работу; he is giving up the stage and turning to film work он бросает сцену и переходит на работу в кино; turn to drink начать пить; turn to crime заняться преступной деятельностью; the starling only turns to worms when there are no berries скворцы питаются червями только тогда, когда нет ягод
    5) turn on (round, etc.) smth. turn on an axle (on its axis, round the sun, etc.) вращаться на оси и т.д.; the door turns on its hinges дверь поворачивается на петлях; he turned on his heel and walked out of the room он круто повернулся и вышел из комнаты
    6) turn with smth. his head turns with giddiness у него кружится голова; his head has turned with success успех вскружил ему голову; the weathercock turns with the wind флюгер крутится по ветру; turn at smth. his stomach turns at the sight of blood (at the mere sight of food, etc.) у него поднимается тошнота при виде крови и т.д.
    7) turn (in)to smb., smth. turn into a butterfly (into a very pleasant fellow, into vinegar, into ice, etc.) превратиться в бабочку /стать бабочкой/ и т.д.; fog sometimes turns to snow (to rain) туман иногда переходит в снег (в дождь); the water has turned to ice вода превратилась в лед; the snow had turned (in)to slush снег превратился в слякоть; can a wolf turn into a lamb? разве может волк обернуться /стать/ овечкой?; my admiration soon turned to scorn мое восхищение скоро сменилось презрением; turn from smth. (in)to smth. the wind turned from west into south-west Южный ветер сменился юго-западным; the sphere has turned from blue to red шар из голубого стал красным; turn for smth. turn for the better (for the worse) (из)меняться к лучшему (к худшему)
    8) turn (up)on smth. everything (the whole argument, the outcome, the decision, etc.) turns on his answer (on that fact, on this point, etc.) все и т.д. зависит от его ответа и т.д.; the success of the trip turns on the weather успех поездки будет зависеть от погоды; everything turned upon the result of the battle все определялось исходом боя; the conversation turned (up)on sport (upon dress, upon hunting, on a variety of subjects, etc.).разговор вертелся вокруг /касался/ спорта и т.д.; the debate did not turn upon any practical propositions обсуждение не касалось никаких практических вопросов
    9) turn on (against) smb. the dog (the lion, the big.cat, etc.) turned on its trainer (on its owner, on its keeper, on its pursuers, etc.) собака и т.д. набросилась на своего дрессировщика и т.Л; even the most friendly dog may turn on you if you tease or annoy it даже самая добродушная собака может наброситься на человека, если ее раздразнить; why have you turned on me? что ты на меня взъелся?; what a fine excuse for turn logon me прекрасный повод, чтобы наброситься на меня; he turned angrily against his relatives (against his former friends, against his opponents, etc.) он яростно ополчился на своих родственников и т.А; the newspapers turned against the Parliament газеты начали кампанию против парламента; his words (his own criticism, etc.) turned against him его слова и т.д. обернулись против него самого
    10) turn from smb. he turned from his friends oil порвал со своими друзьями; он отвернулся от своих друзей; he turned from the Democrats and joined the Republicans он порвал с демократической партией в примкнул к республиканцам
    11. XXI1
    1) turn smth., smb. to (towards, into, on, etc.) smth., smb. turn the саг to the bridge повернуть машину к месту, въехать на мост; turn one's car to the left (one's camera to the right, etc.) повернуть машину налево и т.д.; turn one's саг towards the centre of the town направиться [на машине] к центру города; turn one's horse to the hills погнать лошадь в горы; turn cows to pasture выгнать коров на пастбище; turn one's chair to the fire повернуть свое кресло к камину; plants turn blooms to the light растения поворачивают головки к свету; turn one's back to one's guests (to the audience, to the wall, etc.) повернуться /стать/ спиной к гостям и т.д.; turn the light into the dark room направить луч света в темную комнату; turn a telescope on a star (the searchlight on smb., etc.) направлять телескоп на звезду и т.д.; turn the talk into other channels перевести разговор на другую тему; turn one's eyes on the stage обратить или перевести взгляд на сцену; turn smth. with smth. he turned the blow with his arm он отвел удар рукой id turn a deaf ear to smb.'s request./to smb./ отказаться выслушать чью-л. просьбу, остаться глухим к чьей-л. просьбе
    2) turn smb. out of (from, etc.) smth. turn smb. out of his room (out of the house, out of a club, etc.) выгнать кого-л. из комнаты и т.д.; turn a beggar from one's door прогнать нищего от своих дверей
    3) turn smth. to smth., smb. turn one's thoughts (one's attention, one's mind) to one's work (to practical matters, to something more important, etc.) сосредоточить свои мысли и т.д. на работе и т.А; at last they turned their attention to her наконец они занялись ею; turn one's efforts to something more important направлять свои усилия на что-либо более важное
    4) turn smth. to smth. turn one's hand to useful work заняться полезным делом; he can turn his hand to almost anything он умеет делать почти все; he knows how to turn things to advantage /to account/ он знает, как из всего извлечь пользу; he turns even his errors to account даже из своих ошибок он извлекает пользу
    5) turn smth. on (in) smth. turn a wagon on its side опрокинуть телегу на бок; turn a chop in a pan перевернуть котлету на сковородке || turn one's ankle on the edge of the sidewalk вывихнуть ногу, споткнувшись о край тротуара
    6) turn smth. in smth. turn one's hat in one's hands (the toy in one's fingers, etc.) вертеть шляпу в руках и т.д.; turn the key in the lock поворачивать ключ в замке и т.д. id turn smb. round one's little finger вертеть кем-л. [как хочешь], помыкать кем-л.
    7) turn smth. (in)to smth. turn water into ice (defeat into victory, love to hatred, tears into laughter, etc.) превращать воду в лед и т.д.; turn a theatre into a cinema (a garden into a tennis-court, etc.) переделать /перестроить/ театр в кинозал и т.д.; turn one's land into money (one's bonds into cash, their stock into cash, etc.) обратить землю в деньги и т.д.; turn coins into paper money поменять звонкую монету на бумажные деньги; turn this piece of prose into verse переложить этот прозаический отрывок на стихи; turn this passage into Greek (a German letter into French, Latin into English, etc.) перевести этот отрывок на греческий язык и т.д.; turn smb. (in)to smb. turn her into a cinema star (the boy into a friend, our soldiers into a police force, etc.) сделать из нее кинозвезду и т.д.; turn a pessimist into an optimist превращать пессимиста в оптимиста; the fairy turned the prince into a frog фея превратила принца в лягушку id turn swords into ploughshares перековать мечи на орала
    8) turn smb., smth., against smb. turn the children against their father (everyone against the boy, his family against him, etc.) восстанавливать детей против отца и т.д.; turn friends against friends восстановить друзей друг против друга; it turns their argument against them это направляет их доводы против них самих
    9) turn smb., smth. from smth. turn smb. from his duty отвлекать кого-л. от исполнения своих обязанностей; nothing will ever turn him from his purpose ничто не заставит его изменять своему решению или отказаться от своей цели; turn a vessel from her course заставить судно отклониться от курса; turn the conversation from an unpleasant subject увести разговор от неприятной темы
    10) turn smth. out of /from/ smth. turn candlesticks out of /from/ brass вытачивать медные подсвечники
    12. XXII
    turn smb. by doing smth. the police turned the advancing crowd by firing over their heads полиция заставила наступающую толпу повернуть назад, начав стрельбу в воздух
    13. XXV
    turn when... (as if..., etc.) she turned when she saw us увидев нас, она отвернулась или свернула; he turned as if to go он повернулся, делая вид, что собирается уходить
    14. XXVI
    turn smth. when... she turns his shirt-collars when they get frayed она перевертывает воротнички его сорочек, когда они вытираются

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > turn

  • 7 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 8 in

    in [ɪn]
    dans ⇒ 1A (a)-(e), 1B (c), 1C (d), 1D (a), 1F (a) à ⇒ 1A (g), 1F (b) en ⇒ 1A (h), 1B (a), 1B (b), 1C (a), 1C (b), 1C (d), 1E (b), 1F (b) chez ⇒ 1C (f) sur ⇒ 1G (b) à l'intérieur ⇒ 2A (a) à la mode ⇒ 2E (b), 3 (a)
    A.
    ∎ in a box dans une boîte;
    ∎ what have you got in your pockets? qu'est-ce que tu as dans tes poches?;
    ∎ she was sitting in an armchair elle était assise dans un fauteuil;
    ∎ in the house dans la maison;
    ∎ in Catherine's house chez Catherine;
    ∎ they're playing in the garden/living room/street ils jouent dans le jardin/le salon/la rue;
    ∎ we live in a village nous habitons un village;
    ∎ he's still in bed/in the bath il est encore au lit/dans son bain;
    ∎ she shut herself up in her bedroom elle s'est enfermée dans sa chambre;
    ∎ the light's gone in the fridge la lumière du réfrigérateur ne marche plus;
    ∎ Law in camera à huis clos
    ∎ she trailed her hand in the water elle laissait traîner sa main dans l'eau;
    ∎ there's a smell of spring in the air ça sent le printemps;
    ∎ we swam in the sea nous nous sommes baignés dans la mer
    ∎ put it in your pocket mets-le dans ta poche;
    ∎ throw the letter in the bin jette la lettre à la poubelle;
    ∎ we headed in the direction of the port nous nous sommes dirigés vers le port
    ∎ he had a knife in his hand il avait un couteau dans ou à la main;
    ∎ she held her tight in her arms elle la serrait dans ses bras;
    ∎ with tears in his eyes les larmes aux yeux
    ∎ a hole in the wall un trou dans le mur;
    ∎ there were deep cuts in the surface la surface était marquée de profondes entailles;
    ∎ a reflection in the mirror un reflet dans la glace;
    ∎ how much is that jumper in the window? combien coûte ce pull dans la vitrine?;
    ∎ who's that man in the photo? qui est cet homme sur la photo?
    ∎ she's in hospital/in prison elle est à l'hôpital/en prison;
    ∎ he teaches in a language school il enseigne dans une école de langues
    ∎ in Paris à Paris;
    ∎ in France en France;
    ∎ in Afghanistan en Afghanistan;
    ∎ in the States aux États-Unis;
    ∎ in Portugal au Portugal;
    ∎ in the Pacific dans l'océan Pacifique;
    ∎ in the Third World dans les pays du tiers-monde
    ∎ he was in a suit il était en costume;
    ∎ she was still in her dressing gown elle était encore en robe de chambre;
    ∎ he always dresses in green il s'habille toujours en vert;
    ∎ who's that woman in the hat? qui est la femme avec le ou au chapeau?;
    ∎ in uniform/mourning en uniforme/deuil
    ∎ sardines in tomato sauce des sardines à la sauce tomate;
    ∎ beef in a red wine sauce bœuf mijoté dans une sauce au vin rouge;
    ∎ fish in breadcrumbs poisson pané;
    ∎ we were up to our waists in mud nous étions dans la boue jusqu'à la taille
    B.
    ∎ in 1992 en 1992;
    ∎ in March en mars, au mois de mars;
    ∎ in the thirties dans les années trente;
    ∎ in (the) summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver;
    ∎ in (the) spring au printemps;
    ∎ he doesn't work in the afternoon/morning il ne travaille pas l'après-midi/le matin;
    ∎ I'll come in the afternoon/morning je viendrai l'après-midi/le matin;
    ∎ at 5 o'clock in the afternoon/morning à 5 heures de l'après-midi/du matin;
    ∎ in the future à l'avenir;
    ∎ in the past autrefois
    ∎ he cooked the meal in ten minutes il prépara le repas en dix minutes
    ∎ I'll be back in five minutes je reviens dans cinq minutes, j'en ai pour cinq minutes
    ∎ we haven't had a proper talk in ages nous n'avons pas eu de véritable conversation depuis très longtemps;
    ∎ I hadn't seen her in years ça faisait des années que je ne l'avais pas vue
    ∎ in my absence en ou pendant mon absence;
    ∎ in the ensuing chaos dans la confusion qui s'ensuivit
    C.
    (a) (indicating arrangement, shape) en;
    ∎ in five rows/parts en cinq rangées/parties;
    ∎ stand in a circle mettez-vous en cercle;
    ∎ line up in twos mettez-vous par deux;
    ∎ cut the cake in three/in half coupe le gâteau en trois/en deux;
    ∎ she had her hair up in a ponytail ses cheveux étaient relevés en queue de cheval
    (b) (indicating form, method)
    ∎ in cash en liquide;
    ∎ in writing par écrit;
    ∎ in English/French en anglais/français;
    ∎ written in ink écrit à l'encre;
    ∎ do you have these shoes in a 5? est-ce que vous auriez ces chaussures en 38?;
    ∎ have you got this jacket in a large? est-ce que vous auriez cette veste dans une taille plus grande?;
    ∎ does it come in red? est-ce que ça existe ou est-ce que ça se fait en rouge?
    ∎ she's in a bit of a state elle est dans tous ses états;
    ∎ to be in love être amoureux;
    ∎ don't keep us in suspense ne nous tiens pas en haleine plus longtemps;
    ∎ he watched in wonderment il regardait avec émerveillement
    (d) (indicating state, situation) dans, en;
    ∎ in the present circumstances dans les circonstances actuelles;
    ∎ in the dark dans l'obscurité;
    ∎ in this weather par ou avec ce temps;
    ∎ in the sun au soleil;
    ∎ in the rain/snow sous la pluie/neige;
    ∎ in danger/silence en danger/silence;
    ∎ in my presence en ma présence;
    ∎ she's got her leg in plaster elle a une jambe plâtrée ou dans le plâtre
    ∎ in blossom en fleur ou fleurs;
    ∎ in pup/calf/cub plein;
    ∎ American in heat en chaleur
    (f) (among) chez;
    ∎ a disease common in five-year-olds une maladie très répandue chez les enfants de cinq ans;
    ∎ the sense of smell is more developed in dogs l'odorat est plus développé chez les chiens
    D.
    ∎ in chapter six dans le chapitre six;
    ∎ we were standing in a queue nous faisions la queue;
    ∎ she's appearing in his new play/film elle joue dans sa nouvelle pièce/son nouveau film;
    ∎ he has two Picassos in his collection il a deux Picasso dans sa collection;
    ∎ this is a common theme in Shakespeare's work c'est un thème fréquent dans les œuvres de Shakespeare;
    ∎ the best player in the team le meilleur joueur de l'équipe;
    ∎ how many feet are there in a metre? combien de pieds y a-t-il dans un mètre?;
    ∎ service is included in the price le service est inclus dans le prix
    ∎ she hasn't got it in her to be nasty elle est bien incapable de méchanceté;
    ∎ I didn't think she had it in her je ne l'en croyais pas capable;
    ∎ it's the Irish in me c'est mon côté irlandais
    ∎ she has no confidence in him elle n'a aucune confiance en lui;
    ∎ they showed no interest in my work mon travail n'a pas eu l'air de les intéresser le moins du monde
    ∎ in my opinion or view à mon avis
    E.
    (a) (indicating purpose, cause)
    ∎ he charged the door in an effort to get free dans un effort pour se libérer, il donna un grand coup dans la porte;
    ∎ in reply or response to your letter... en réponse à votre lettre...;
    ∎ there's no point in complaining il est inutile de ou ça ne sert à rien de se plaindre
    ∎ in doing so, you only encourage him en faisant cela, vous ne faites que l'encourager;
    ∎ in attempting to save her son's life, she almost died en essayant de sauver son fils, elle a failli mourir
    ∎ it's five feet in length ça fait cinq pieds de long;
    ∎ the town has grown considerably in size la ville s'est beaucoup agrandie;
    ∎ a change in direction un changement de direction;
    ∎ he's behind in maths il ne suit pas en maths;
    ∎ spinach is rich in iron les épinards sont riches en fer;
    ∎ we've found the ideal candidate in Richard nous avons trouvé en Richard le candidat idéal
    ∎ I've got a pain in my arm j'ai une douleur au ou dans le bras
    F.
    (a) (indicating specified field, sphere of activity) dans;
    ∎ to be in the army/navy être dans l'armée/la marine;
    ∎ she's in advertising elle est dans la publicité;
    ∎ an expert in economics un expert en économie politique;
    ∎ he's in business with his sister il dirige une entreprise avec sa sœur;
    ∎ there have been tremendous advances in the treatment of cancer de grands progrès ont été faits dans le traitement du cancer;
    ∎ a degree in Italian une licence d'italien
    ∎ our days were spent in swimming and sailing nous passions nos journées à nager et à faire de la voile;
    ∎ they spent hours (engaged) in complex negotiations ils ont passé des heures en négociations difficiles;
    ∎ you took your time in getting here! tu en as mis du temps à venir!
    G.
    (a) (indicating approximate number, amount)
    ∎ people arrived in droves/in dribs and drabs les gens sont arrivés en foule/par petits groupes;
    ∎ they came in their thousands ils sont venus par milliers;
    ∎ he's in his forties il a la quarantaine;
    ∎ the temperature was in the nineties la température était dans les trente degrés
    ∎ one child in three un enfant sur trois;
    ∎ a one-in-five hill une pente de 20 pour cent;
    ∎ once in ten years une fois tous les dix ans
    A.
    (a) (into an enclosed space) à l'intérieur, dedans;
    ∎ she opened the door and looked in elle ouvrit la porte et regarda à l'intérieur;
    ∎ he jumped in il sauta dedans
    ∎ breathe in then out inspirez puis expirez;
    ∎ we can't take in any more refugees nous ne pouvons pas accueillir plus de réfugiés;
    ∎ she's been in and out of mental hospitals all her life elle a passé presque toute sa vie dans des hôpitaux psychiatriques;
    ∎ she and I were always in and out of each other's houses nous étions tout le temps fourrées l'une chez l'autre
    ∎ is your wife/the boss in? est-ce que votre femme/le patron est là?;
    ∎ it's nice to spend an evening in c'est agréable de passer une soirée chez soi;
    ∎ to eat/to stay in manger/rester à la maison;
    ∎ we've got the builders in nous avons des ouvriers à la maison;
    ∎ he usually comes in about 10 o'clock en général, il est là vers 10 heures;
    ∎ familiar what's he in for? (in prison) pourquoi est-ce qu'il fait de la tôle?; (in hospital) pourquoi est-ce qu'il est à l'hôpital?□
    B.
    ∎ to go in entrer;
    ∎ come in! entrez!;
    ∎ to saunter/to run in entrer d'un pas nonchalant/en courant;
    ∎ in we go! on y va!
    ∎ the bus isn't in yet le bus n'est pas encore arrivé;
    ∎ what time does your train get in? quand est-ce que votre train arrive?
    ∎ the walls fell in les murs se sont écroulés;
    ∎ the edges bend in le bord est recourbé
    ∎ the tide is in la marée est haute
    C.
    ∎ write in for further information écrivez-nous pour plus de renseignements;
    ∎ entries must be in by 1 May les bulletins doivent nous parvenir avant le 1 mai;
    ∎ offers of help poured in les propositions d'aide sont arrivées en masse
    (b) (indicating participation, addition)
    ∎ to be in at the start/finish of sth assister au début/à la fin de qch;
    ∎ we asked if we could join in nous avons demandé si nous pouvions participer;
    ∎ stir in the sliced onions ajouter les oignons en lamelles;
    ∎ fill in the blanks remplissez les espaces vides
    D.
    ∎ the ball was in la balle était bonne
    (b) (in cricket) à l'attaque;
    ∎ the other side went in first c'est l'autre équipe qui était d'abord à l'attaque
    E.
    ∎ he failed to get in at the last election il n'a pas été élu aux dernières élections
    (b) (in fashion) à la mode;
    ∎ short skirts are coming back in les jupes courtes reviennent à la mode
    F.
    ∎ you're in for a bit of a disappointment tu vas être déçu;
    ∎ he's in for a surprise/shock il va avoir une surprise/un choc;
    ∎ we're in for a storm nous aurons sûrement de l'orage;
    ∎ they don't know what they're in for ils ne savent pas ce qui les attend;
    ∎ now he's really in for it cette fois-ci, il va y avoir droit;
    ∎ he's in on the secret il est dans le secret;
    ∎ he's in on it il est dans le coup;
    ∎ we were all in on the plot on était tous au courant;
    ∎ I wasn't in on that particular conversation je n'étais pas là pendant cette conversation;
    ∎ familiar to be in with sb être en bons termes avec qn;
    ∎ he's trying to get in with the boss il essaie de se faire bien voir du patron
    (a) (fashionable) à la mode□, branché;
    ∎ that nightclub is very in cette boîte est très à la mode;
    ∎ it's the in place to go c'est l'endroit branché du moment;
    ∎ to be the in thing être à la mode;
    ∎ the in crowd les gens dans le coup
    ∎ it's an in joke c'est une plaisanterie entre nous/elles/ etc □
    4 noun
    ∎ to have an in avoir de l'influence;
    ∎ he has an in with the senator il a ses entrées chez le sénateur
    ∎ the ins and outs (of a situation) les tenants et les aboutissants (d'une situation)
    en tout;
    ∎ there are 30 in all il y en a 30 en tout
    ∎ a row of bushes with little clumps of flowers in between une rangée d'arbustes séparés par des petites touffes de fleurs;
    ∎ he's neither right nor left but somewhere in between il n'est ni de droite ni de gauche mais quelque part entre les deux;
    ∎ she either plays very well or very badly, never in between elle joue très bien ou très mal, jamais entre les deux
    (b) (in time) entretemps, dans l'intervalle
    entre
    en soi;
    ∎ the town is not in itself beautiful but it has style la ville n'est pas belle en soi mais elle a de l'allure;
    ∎ this was in itself an achievement c'était déjà un exploit en soi
    puisque;
    ∎ I'm not badly off in that I have a job and a flat but... je ne peux pas me plaindre puisque j'ai un emploi et un appartement mais...;
    ∎ we are lucky in that there are only a few of us nous avons de la chance d'être si peu nombreux
    ►► Computing in box (for e-mail) boîte f de réception, corbeille f d'arrivée

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > in

См. также в других словарях:

  • Hand grenade — M67 fragmentation grenade, a widely used modern hand grenade. A hand grenade is any small bomb that can be thrown by hand. Hand grenades are classified into three categories, explosive grenades, chemical and gas grenades.[1] Explosive grenades… …   Wikipedia

  • Riemann sphere — The Riemann sphere can be visualized as the complex number plane wrapped around a sphere (by some form of stereographic projection – details are given below). In mathematics, the Riemann sphere (or extended complex plane), named after the 19th… …   Wikipedia

  • Right sphere — Right Right (r[imac]t), a. [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. r[ a]tt, Icel. r[ e]ttr, Goth. ra[ i]hts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. [.r]ju straight, right. [root]115. Cf.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Right and left — Right Right (r[imac]t), a. [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. r[ a]tt, Icel. r[ e]ttr, Goth. ra[ i]hts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. [.r]ju straight, right. [root]115. Cf.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Right and left coupling — Right Right (r[imac]t), a. [OE. right, riht, AS. riht; akin to D. regt, OS. & OHG. reht, G. recht, Dan. ret, Sw. r[ a]tt, Icel. r[ e]ttr, Goth. ra[ i]hts, L. rectus, p. p. of regere to guide, rule; cf. Skr. [.r]ju straight, right. [root]115. Cf.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • History of the Left in France — The Left in France at the beginning of the 20th century was represented by two main political parties, the Republican, Radical and Radical Socialist Party and the SFIO (French Section of the Workers International), created in 1905 as a merger of… …   Wikipedia

  • Invisible hand — The invisible hand is a metaphor coined by the economist Adam Smith. Once in The Wealth of Nations and other writings, Smith demonstrated that, in a free market, an individual pursuing his own self interest tends to also promote the good of his… …   Wikipedia

  • Strömgren sphere — In theoretical astrophysics, a Strömgren sphere is the sphere of ionized hydrogen (H II) around a young star of the spectral classes O or B. Its counterpart in the real word are the H II regions, a type of an emission nebula, the most prominent… …   Wikipedia

  • The Hand of Nergal — is one of the original short stories by American author Robert E. Howard starring the sword and sorcery hero Conan the Cimmerian, a fragment begun in the 1930s but not finished or published in Howard s lifetime. It was completed by Lin Carter and …   Wikipedia

  • Christianity — /kris chee an i tee/, n., pl. Christianities. 1. the Christian religion, including the Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Orthodox churches. 2. Christian beliefs or practices; Christian quality or character: Christianity mixed with pagan elements; …   Universalium

  • Commemorative coins of Poland: 2008 — Main article: Commemorative coins of Poland Poland has a rich selection of Gold and Silver commemorative coins. In the year 2008 coins were launched in the series: Animals of the World , Monuments of Material Culture in Poland (previously Castles …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»